Intervención participativa comunitaria: necesidades de salud de las personas mayores durante el período de la pandemia por COVID-19 / Community participatory intervention: health needs of older people during the COVID-19 pandemic period

Objetivo. Proponer una intervención participativa comunitaria según las necesidades de salud percibida por las personas mayores del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular de un centro de salud familiar y comunitaria de una comuna de Santiago de Chile durante el período de la pandemia de la COVID-19. Métodos. Se utilizó una metodología participativa de la comunidad, la cual se desarrolló en dos fases: diagnóstico participativo comunitario y desarrollo de la propuesta participativa de una intervención en salud comunitaria. Resultados. Desde el diagnóstico participativo comunitario, los participantes eligieron el desarrollo de un programa educativo fundamentado en las necesidades de salud, además de la entrega de material educativo sobre estilos de vida saludable y recomendaciones para tener un buen control de sus enfermedades. Conclusión. Desde el diagnóstico y planificación participativa, es posible intervenir en pro de las necesidades de las personas, familias y comunidades y capacitarlas en el manejo de su propia salud. (AU)

Aim. To propose a community participatory intervention according to the health needs perceived by elderly people in the Family and Community Health Centre Cardiovascular Health programme of a Santiago de Chile commune during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. A community participatory methodology was used, which was developed over two phases: community participatory diagnosis and development of a participatory proposal for a community health intervention. Results. From the community participatory diagnosis, participants opted for development of an educational programme based on health needs, in addition to the delivery of educational material related to healthy lifestyles and recommendations for robust control of their diseases. Conclusion. From diagnosis and participatory planning, it is possible to intervene in favour of the needs of individuals, families and communities and train them in managing their own health. (AU)

Percepción de apoyo social en padres de niños con diabetes mellitus tipo 1

Fundamento: el apoyo de familiares y del equipo de salud a los padres cuidadores de sus hijos diabéticos es fundamental para el afrontamiento a los cambios que provoca esta enfermedad en la dinámica familiar. Objetivo: describir la percepción de los padres cuidadores sobre el apoyo familiar y de los Sistemas de Salud en el comienzo de sus hijos con diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Métodos: estudio cualitativo descriptivo realizado mediante entrevista semiestructurada a cuatro padres cuidadores de niños con diagnóstico de diabetes tipo 1. El consentimiento informado fue realizado vía Google Forms y la entrevista fue vía plataforma ZOOM. Las entrevistas tuvieron una duración de 30 minutos. El análisis de las entrevistas se realizó utilizando el programa ATLAS.ti versión 22. Resultados: el comienzo de la enfermedad de los niños fue recibido por los padres con mucha confusión y falta de conocimiento. En cuanto a las redes de apoyo, los padres declararon la soledad como vivencia en el cuidado de los niños y, en relación a los equipos de salud, relataron que está enfocada en los cuidados básicos que tenían que cumplir, como la alimentación y el control glucémico, con ausencia de preocupación por el apoyo emocional. Conclusiones: las necesidades de apoyo desde los equipos de salud, a los padres cuidadores, más allá del control de la enfermedad, es una necesidad explícita desde la evidencia, que aún no ha sido considerada por los Sistemas de Salud. El apoyo debe trascender la familia, con una actuación importante de los profesionales de la salud y todo el contexto en que están insertos los niños, para contribuir a un manejo adecuado de la enfermedad.

Foundation: the support of family members and the health team for parents caring for their diabetic children is essential for facing with the changes that this disease causes in family dynamics. Objective: to describe the perception of parent caregivers about family support and Health Systems at the beginning of their children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods: qualitative descriptive study carried out through semi-structured interviews with four parent caregivers of children with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Informed consent was carried out via Google forms and the interview was via the ZOOM platform. The interviews lasted 30 minutes. The analysis of the interviews was carried out using the ATLAS.ti version 22 program. Results: the beginning of the children's illness was received by parents with much confusion and lack of knowledge. Regarding the support networks, the parents declared loneliness in the experience of caring for the children and, in relation to the health teams, they reported that it is focused on the basic care that they had to fulfill, such as food and hygiene, glycemic control, with absence of concern for emotional support. Conclusions: the support needs from health teams to parent caregivers, beyond disease control, is an explicit need from the evidence, which has not yet been considered by Health Systems. Support must go beyond the family, with important action by health professionals and the entire context in which children are inserted, to contribute to adequate management of the disease.

Percepción de usuarios de servicios de salud sobre la visibilidad social de los profesionales de enfermería durante la pandemia de COVID-19

Objetivo: Conocer la percepción de usuarios de los servicios de salud de tres comunas de Chile sobre la visibilidad social de los profesionales de enfermería durante el período de la pandemia de COVID-19. Material y Método: Estudio cualitativo descriptivo que utilizó la técnica del grupo focal. Se realizó un grupo focal con un muestreo de tipo intencionado conformado por siete participantes cuyos criterios de inclusión fueron ser usuarios del sistema de salud de Chile y mayor de 18 años. El reclutamiento de los participantes fue realizado por un afiche en redes sociales de la institución académica. La estrategia de análisis fue el de contenido. Resultados: Se encontraron tres temas y siete subtemas: la visibilidad de la profesión (imaginarios sociales, valoración de la labor, invisibilidad), primera línea (revaloración de los profesionales, seguridad y confianza) y género (profesión feminizada, invisibilidad). Conclusiones: Bajo el actual contexto de salubridad, la visibilidad de la enfermería se ha sostenido por situaciones que justamente son asociadas a la invisibilidad, salud mental, cargas laborales, cuestiones de género, entre otras. Se sugiere la realización de investigaciones que demuestren y difundan el importante rol de los profesionales de enfermería en la sociedad y promuevan su reconocimiento.

Objetivo: Conhecer a percepção de usuários dos serviços de saúde de três municípios do Chile sobre a visibilidade social dos profissionais de enfermagem durante o período da Pandemia da COVID-19. Material e Método: Estudo qualitativo descritivo que utilizou a técnica de grupo focal. Foi realizado um grupo focal com uma amostragem do tipo intencional, composta por sete participantes, cujos critérios de inclusão foram ser usuários do Sistema de Saúde do Chile e maiores de 18 anos. O recrutamento dos participantes foi realizado por um poster nas redes sociais da instituição acadêmica. A estratégia de análise foi de conteúdo. Resultados: Foram encontrados três temas e sete subtemas: a visibilidade da profissão (imaginários sociais, valorização do trabalho, invisibilidade), primeira linha (reavaliação dos profissionais, segurança e confiança) e gênero (profissão feminizada, invisibilidade). Conclusões: No contexto atual da saúde, a visibilidade da enfermagem tem sido sustentada por situações que se associam justamente à invisibilidade, saúde mental, carga de trabalho, questões de gênero, entre outras. Sugere-se a realização de pesquisas que demonstrem e divulguem o importante papel dos profissionais de enfermagem na sociedade e promovam seu reconhecimento.

Objective: To know the perception of users of health services in three communes of Chile regarding the social visibility of nursing professionals during the period of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Material and Method: Qualitative study with a descriptive design that used the focus group technique. A focus group was carried out with an intentional sampling, made up of seven participants whose inclusion criteria were: being users of the Chilean Health System and, older than 18 years. The recruitment of the participants was conducted by a poster in social networks of the academic institution. The analysis strategy was content. Results: Three themes and seven sub-themes were found. The themes were, the visibility of the profession (social imaginaries, value of work, invisibility), first line (revaluation of professionals, safety, and trust) and gender (feminized profession, invisibility). Conclusions: Under the current context of health, the visibility of nursing has been sustained by situations that are precisely associated with invisibility, mental health, workload, gender issues, among others. It is suggested that research be conducted to demonstrate and disseminate the significant role of nursing professionals in society and promote their recognition.

Evaluation of the communication of nursing students in the simulated teleconsultation: A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic presented universities with the challenge of virtualizing the teaching-learning process. Simulated teleconsultation has been used in undergraduate training, which allows nursing students to interact with simulated patients remotely. Studies have identified that distance imposes communication barriers on all elements-sender, receiver and message-and in both forms of transmission: verbal and nonverbal. OBJECTIVE: To describe the communication of nursing students in teleconsultation with simulated patients in the context of primary health care. METHODS: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study of 92 fifth-year nursing students. The communication variable was measured with the Connect Identify Understand Agree Help scale. In the data analysis, the mean and standard deviation of the scores on the 29 items of the scale were determined, as were the mean values for the total scale and for the 3 domains of the scale. RESULTS: The items that presented an average of less than 1 were primarily those related to the Agree and Help to Act domain. The total mean was 1.15, and the means for the domains Connect, Identify and Understand Problems and Agree and Help to Act were 1.53, 0.90 and 1.28, respectively. A weakness in the exploration of the psychosocial context of the simulated patients was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study, which evaluated communication in the context of distance care, corroborate the evidence regarding communication in real or simulated face-to-face situations. Studies that compare communication in various teaching-learning contexts, whether real or virtual, face-to-face or at a distance, are recommended.

Impact of COVID-19 on deaths from respiratory diseases: Panel data evidence from Chile.

The COVID-19 pandemic has relegated pathologies that were previously commonplace to a secondary context. Therefore, it is necessary to study the evolution of these diseases in the presence or absence of COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: The present study had the following objectives: 1. to evaluate the relationship between the COVID-19 epidemic and the possible decrease in death from respiratory disease (DRd) in Chile; and 2. to study the relationships between meteorological variables and severity of COVID-19 with respect to DRd from January 2018 to February 2021. METHODS: The variable number of DRds in Chile was analyzed considering the monthly records of meteorological variables (temperature, precipitation and humidity) in each region of Chile and the severity of COVID-19 to evaluate the mortality trend before and after the pandemic. For this, different nonobservable heterogeneity models for panel data were used. RESULTS: The variables that affect DRd include the number of deaths from COVID-19, which led to a decrease in DRd (negative effect) when increased, the number of patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit (ICU), which led to an increase in DRd (positive effect) when increased, and the minimum temperature, which had a negative effect on DRd. These results are supported by the application of panel regression with one-way random-effects models. CONCLUSION: This study revealed a reduction in the number of DRds other than COVID-19 during the pandemic in Chile. This could be explained by the sanitary measures applied by the Ministry of Health of Chile in relation to mobility restrictions and social distancing, among others. Therefore, DRd decreased in accordance with the appearance of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Actions related to workers, employers, and the workplace associated with musculoskeletal and mental health diseases in workers on sick leave: a qualitative systematic review.

The objective of this study was to describe the interventions for the labor reintegration of workers on medical leave due to musculoskeletal and mental health diseases, according to actions related to the worker, the employer, and the workplace. This study consists of a qualitative systematic review, without restriction of publication date, conducted in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and MEDLINE/PubMed scientific bases. In addition, the Epistemonikos database was used. Nineteen articles were selected. It is observed that all interventions proposed actions with the workers, such as rehabilitation programs, therapies and return to work plans. Regarding the actions in the workplace, only three interventions articulated actions with workers and evaluation of the workplace. Finally, actions with employers were considered in 10 interventions with the objective of involving the employer in the improvement of the workplace and planning for the worker's return to work. It can be seen that interventions for patients with musculoskeletal and mental health disorders can be divided into the following categories: worker-oriented interventions, employer-oriented interventions, and workplace actions. In each of these categories, various interventions can be seen, ranging from multidisciplinary intervention to exercise-based rehabilitation, in the case of musculoskeletal disorders, and occupational therapy to the psychotherapeutic method based on music, for mental health disorders.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las intervenciones para la reinserción laboral de trabajadores en licencia médica por enfermedades musculoesqueléticas y de salud mental, en términos de acciones relativas al trabajador, al empleador y al lugar de trabajo. Este estudio consiste en una revisión sistemática cualitativa, sin restricción de fecha de publicación, en las bases científicas de Registro Cochrane Central de Ensayos Controlados (CENTRAL) y MEDLINE/PubMed. Además, se utilizó la base de datos Epistemonikos. Fueron seleccionados 19 artículos. Se observó que todas las intervenciones propusieron acciones con los trabajadores, tales como programas de rehabilitación, terapias y planes de regreso al trabajo. En cuanto a las acciones en el lugar de trabajo, solo tres intervenciones articularon acciones con el trabajador y evaluación del lugar de trabajo. Por último, las acciones con los empleadores fueron consideradas en 10 intervenciones, con el objetivo de involucrar al empleador en las mejorías del lugar de trabajo y planificación para el regreso al trabajo del trabajador. Se puede advertir que las intervenciones para los pacientes con trastornos musculoesqueléticos y de salud mental se pueden dividir en las siguientes categorías: intervenciones orientadas al trabajador, orientadas al empleador, y acciones en el lugar de trabajo. En cada una de estas categorías se pueden apreciar intervenciones variadas, que van desde la intervención multidisciplinaria hasta la rehabilitación en base a ejercicios, en el caso de los trastornos musculoesqueléticos, y de la terapia ocupacional hasta el método psicoterápico basado en la música, para los trastornos de salud mental.

Resultados y características de intervenciones en la reinserción laboral de trabajadores en baja médica por enfermedades musculoesqueléticas y de salud mental: revisión sistemática / Results and characteristics of interventions in the labor reintegration of workers on medical leave due to musculoskeletal and mental health diseases: systematic review

Introducción: El absentismo por enfermedades profesionales presenta un impacto en la economía y ha sido el responsable por el desafío de la reinserción del trabajador a su contexto laboral. De lo anterior, programas de reinserción laboral para las enfermedades profesionales revisten de un creciente interés. Objetivo: Identificar los principales resultados y sus características de intervenciones para la reinserción laboral de trabajadores en baja médica por enfermedades musculoesqueléticas y de salud mental. Material y Métodos: Revisión sistemática cualitativa. Las bases utilizadas fueron: Registro Cochrane Central de Ensayos Controlados, MEDLINE/PubMed y la base Epistemonikos. Resultados: El 36,8% de las intervenciones presentaron relaciones estadísticamente significantes. Las características de las intervenciones fueron tratamientos enfocados en la enfermedad, intervenciones en el lugar de trabajo y planificación con el empleador para el regreso al trabajo. Conclusiones: Las intervenciones que articulan acciones con los trabajadores, en el lugar de trabajo y con los empleadores, podrían aumentar el regreso al trabajo (AU)

Introduction: Absenteeism due to occupational diseases has an impact on the economy and has been responsible for the challenge of the worker’s reintegration into their work context. From the foregoing, work reintegration programs for occupational diseases are of growing interest. Objective: To identify the main results and characteristics of interventions for the labor reintegration of workers on medical leave due to musculoskeletal and mental health diseases. Material and Methods: Qualitative systematic review. The databases used were Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE / PubMed and the Epistemonikos database. Results: 36.8% of the interventions presented statistically significant relationships. Characteristics of the interventions were disease-focused treatments, workplace interventions, and planning with the employer for return to work. Conclusions: Interventions that articulate actions with workers, in the workplace and with employers, could increase return to work (AU)

Evaluación de la idoneidad de la teleconsulta simulada como herramienta de formación en Enfermería / Assessment of the suitability of mock teleconsultation as a training tool for Nursing

Objetivo: evaluar la idoneidad de la metodología de la teleconsulta simulada como herramienta del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la carrera universitaria de Enfermería, según los docentes y los estudiantes.Método: estudio descriptivo transversal. Se realizaron 32 teleconsultas simuladas con actores, con 48 estudiantes y seis docentes agrupados en distintos grupos de seis estudiantes y un docente en el que se trataron diferentes temáticas. Para analizar la idoneidad de esta metodología se crearon dos grupos focales: uno con seis docentes y otro con seis estudiantes en el que se animó a describir las fortalezas y debilidades de la interacción a distancia. El análisis de la información se llevó a cabo mediante codificación sustantiva, sustentada en la teoría fundamentada, con codificación abierta y codificación selectiva, a través del cual se extrajeron temas centrales y subtemas.Resultados: del análisis de los discursos de los estudiantes se generaron dos subtemas: formación colectiva y aprendizaje limitado. En el primero destacó la relación docente-estudiante y las intervenciones de los demás compañeros, así como poder seguir con la formación durante la pandemia de la COVID-19, y como debilidades destacaron no ser una metodología útil para actividades presenciales y que no facilita adquirir pericia. Los docentes generaron dos subtemas: aprendizaje horizontal y colaborativo y limitación para una atención integral. En el primero destacó que debería implementarse esta herramienta en el futuro como una forma creativa más dentro del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, se favoreció el control y seguimiento del proceso de formación de los estudiantes por parte de los docentes y destacó la mejora de la disposición y el compromiso de los estudiantes. Como limitación los docentes expresaron sus preocupaciones con el proceso de evaluación de los estudiantes, con la calidad tecnología y de conectividad de las teleconsultas, y coincidieron con los estudiantes...(AU)

Objective: to assess the suitability of the mock teleconsultation methodology as a tool for the teaching-learning process in the Nursing University degree, according to professors and students.Method: a cross-sectional descriptive study, including 32 mock teleconsultations with actors, with 48 students and 6 professors assigned to different arms of six students and a professor, where different subjects were dealt with. In order to assess the suitability of this methodology, two focus groups were conducted: one with six professors and another one with six students, who were encouraged to describe the strengths and weaknesses of remote interaction. The information was analyzed through noun coding, based on grounded theory, with open coding and selective coding, in order to extract central themes and subthemes.Results: two subthemes were generated from the analysis of the speech of students: collective training and limited learning. In the first one, the teacher-student relationship and interventions by other students stood out, as well as the ability to continue training during the COVID-19 pandemic; and as weaknesses, they highlighted that this was not a useful methodology for face-to-face activities, and that it did not help to acquire skills. Professors generated two subthemes: horizontal and collaborative learning, and limitation for comprehensive care. In the first one, it was highlighted that this tool should be implemented in the future as one more creative method within the teaching-learning process; it encouraged supervision and follow-up of the training process of students by professors, and the improvement in willingness and commitment of students was highlighted. As a limitation, professors stated their concern with the evaluation process for students, with the technological and connectivity quality of teleconsultations, and coincided with students in the lack of ability of this methodology to replace face-to-face physical examination processes...(AU)

Telenursing in care, education and management in Latin America and the Caribbean: an integrative review.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the knowledge generated about telenursing related to the roles of nurses (care, education and management) in Latin America and the Caribbean, based on scientific evidence. METHODS: Integrative review, for the years 2009 to 2019, in scientific databases from Latin America and the Caribbean. Twelve articles were selected. RESULTS: Nine studies focused on care and three on education. The information and communication technology used in the studies was telephony directed toward non-communicable diseases. There were concerns about the remote communication process. With respect to education, two focused on educating health teams and one on educating patients. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to conduct studies on telenursing that generate changes in care practices, explore information and communication technology resources and provide communication training focused on this new care model.

[Factors associated with sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity in Chile: a qualitative systematic review]. / Factores asociados al sedentarismo e inactividad física en Chile: una revisión sistemática cualitativa.

BACKGROUND: Sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity in Chile, has become a major problem and a public health priority in the last decade, as it increases the risk of non-communicable diseases. AIM: To identify which factors are associated with sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity in Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Qualitative systematic review of papers published between 2009-2019 in BIREME, SCIELO, WoS, Scopus and Medline databases, retrieving 29,752 and leaving finally five articles for review. RESULTS: The main risk factors associated with sedentary lifestyle (according to the Chilean National Health Survey) were: living in an urban area, high income levels, being smoker or ex-smoker, being physically inactive, having a DVD, computer or notebook at home and a motorized vehicle. Physical inactivity was associated with an age ≥ 65 years, hypertension and sedentary lifestyle. There are some common factors such as female sex, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: here are independent factors associated with both sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity in Chile. Some factors are common for the two unhealthy behaviors such as female gender, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome.

Factores asociados al sedentarismo e inactividad física en Chile: una revisión sistemática cualitativa / Factors associated with sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity in Chile: a qualitative systematic review

Background: Sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity in Chile, has become a major problem and a public health priority in the last decade, as it increases the risk of non-communicable diseases. Aim: To identify which factors are associated with sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity in Chile. Material and Methods: Qualitative systematic review of papers published between 2009-2019 in BIREME, SCIELO, WoS, Scopus and Medline databases, retrieving 29,752 and leaving finally five articles for review. Results: The main risk factors associated with sedentary lifestyle (according to the Chilean National Health Survey) were: living in an urban area, high income levels, being smoker or ex-smoker, being physically inactive, having a DVD, computer or notebook at home and a motorized vehicle. Physical inactivity was associated with an age ≥ 65 years, hypertension and sedentary lifestyle. There are some common factors such as female sex, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Conclusions: here are independent factors associated with both sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity in Chile. Some factors are common for the two unhealthy behaviors such as female gender, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome.

Telenursing in care, education and management in Latin America and the Caribbean: an integrative review / Tele enfermagem no cuidado, educação e gestão na América Latina e o Caribe: revisão integrativa / Teleenfermería en el cuidado, educación y gestión en América Latina y el Caribe: revisión integrativa

ABSTRACT Objective: Analyze the knowledge generated about telenursing related to the roles of nurses (care, education and management) in Latin America and the Caribbean, based on scientific evidence. Methods: Integrative review, for the years 2009 to 2019, in scientific databases from Latin America and the Caribbean. Twelve articles were selected. Results: Nine studies focused on care and three on education. The information and communication technology used in the studies was telephony directed toward non-communicable diseases. There were concerns about the remote communication process. With respect to education, two focused on educating health teams and one on educating patients. Conclusion: It is necessary to conduct studies on telenursing that generate changes in care practices, explore information and communication technology resources and provide communication training focused on this new care model.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o conhecimento produzido sobre teleenfermagem com relação aos papéis (cuidado, educação e gestão) dos enfermeiros na América Latina e no Caribe com base em evidências científicas. Métodos: Revisão integrativa, considerando o período de 2009 a 2019, em bases científicas da América Latina e do Caribe. Foram selecionados 12 artigos. Resultados: Foram encontrados nove estudos com foco no cuidado e três na educação. A tecnologia de informação e comunicação utilizada nos estudos foi a telefonia, aplicada para consultas sobre doenças não transmissíveis. Foi demonstrada preocupação com o processo de comunicação remota. Dois dos estudos sobre educação apontam para a educação da equipe de saúde, e o terceiro para o paciente. Conclusão: É necessário desenvolver pesquisas em teleenfermagem que gerem mudanças na prática do cuidado e explorem recursos tecnológicos de informação e comunicação; além de uma formação específica em comunicação, com foco nessa nova modalidade de cuidado.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar el conocimiento producido sobre teleenfermería en relación a los roles (cuidado, educación y gestión) de los enfermeros de América Latina y el Caribe a partir de la evidencia científica. Métodos: Revisión integrativa, considerándose período desde 2009 al 2019, en bases científicas de América Latina y el Caribe. Fueron seleccionados 12 artículos. Resultados: Se encontraron nueve estudios con foco en el cuidado y tres sobre educación. La tecnología de información y comunicación utilizada en los estudios fue la telefonía, aplicada para consultas sobre enfermedades no transmisibles. Se evidenció preocupación por el proceso de comunicación a distancia. Dos de los estudios sobre educación apuntan a educación del equipo de salud, y el tercero al paciente. Conclusión: Es necesario desarrollar investigaciones en teleenfermería que generen cambios en la práctica asistencial y exploren los recursos tecnológicos de información y comunicación; y una formación comunicacional específica enfocada en esta nueva modalidad de cuidado.

La funcionalidad y el acceso a prestaciones de salud de personas mayores en Chile / Functionality and access to health benefits for the elderly in Chile

Objetivo: Identificar el acceso a las prestaciones de salud de personas mayores del Programa del Adulto Mayor de Chile según su funcionalidad. Metodología: Estudio transversal, con una muestra por conveniencia de 264 personas mayores, de 65 años o más, que recibieron prestaciones de salud del Programa del Adulto Mayor durante el año 2016, de cuatro centros de salud familiar de Chile. Variables: funcionalidad, operacionalizada en condición de autovalencia sin riesgo, autovalencia con riesgo, riesgo de dependencia, dependencia leve o moderada y dependencia grave o severa. Prestaciones de salud, operacionalizadas en universales y específicas. El análisis descriptivo fue realizado para todas las variables de este estudio. Resultados: El 46,6% eran autovalentes sin riesgo, el 33,7% eran autovalentes con riesgo, seguido del 16,7% con riesgo de dependencia. Del total de prestaciones específicas, la que tuvo mayor cobertura fue la consulta de crónicos, con un 83,0%. De las prestaciones universales, la mayor cobertura la tuvo la vacunación antiinfluenza, con un 83,0%. Las prestaciones relacionadas con las consultas médicas por ansiedad, depresión y demencia presentaron una baja cobertura, con un 10,1%, 14,6% y 12,4%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Las prestaciones de salud de mayor cobertura fueron la consulta de crónicos y la vacunación antiinfluenza, que se caracterizan por ser prestaciones preventivas. Por ello, se alude a la necesidad de cambios en la organización de los controles de salud destinados a personas mayores en cuanto a que todos sean con enfoque de ciclo vital y no fraccionado por patología. Así también, con un enfoque más proactivo y menos reactivo

Objective: To identify the access to the health benefits of the elderly of the Program of the Elderly of Chile according to its functionality. Methodology: Cross-sectional study, with a convenience sample of 264 elderly with 65 and over who received health benefits from the Senior Adult Program during 2016, from four Family Health Centers in Chile. Variables: functionality, operationalized in a condition of risk-free auto valence, self-prevalence with risk, risk of dependence, mild or moderate dependence and severe or severe dependence. Health benefits, operationalized in universal and specific. The descriptive analysis was carried out for all the variables of this study. Results: The 46.6% were self-sustained without risk, 33.7% were self-sustained with risk followed by 16.7% with risk of dependence. Of the total of specific benefits, the one that had greater coverage was the chronic consultation, with 83.0%. Of the universal benefits, the highest coverage was the Anti-Influenza vaccination, with 83.0%. The benefits related to medical consultations for anxiety, depression and dementia presented a low coverage with 10.1%, 14.6% and 12.4% respectively. Conclusions: The health benefits of greater coverage were the consultation of chronic and vaccination Ant influenza characterized by preventive benefits. This refers to the need for changes in the organization of health controls aimed at the elderly in that they are all focused on the life cycle and not divided by pathology. Also, with a more proactive and less reactive approach

Adaptación transcultural para chile del nursing activities score para medir la carga de trabajo de enfermería en unidades de cuidados intensivos / Cross-cultural adaptation for chile of the nursing activities score to measure nursing workload in intensive care units

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la adaptación del Nursing Activities Score al español hablado en Chile, para su utilización en unidades de cuidados intensivos en Chile. Material y métodos: Adaptación transcultural con equivalencia semántica e idiomática cuyas etapas metodológicas fueron: traducción y retrotraducción, evaluación de la validez de contenido y adaptación lingüística a la población a evaluar. Posterior a la traducción, la primera versión fue sometida a evaluación de contenido por cinco jueces expertos y se utilizó el coeficiente de validez de contenido. Para la adaptación lingüística, se aplicó metodología cualitativa por medio de un grupo focal conformado por ocho enfermeros clínicos quienes evaluaron la comprensión, viabilidad, claridad y la terminología empleada en cada ítem hasta llegar a un consenso respecto de su claridad verbal, redacción y comprensión, generando una segunda versión del instrumento. Resultados: La validez de contenido y el índice de Lyn fueron entre 0,6 y 1,0 y entre 80 y 100, respectivamente. En el grupo focal, algunas expresiones fueron ajustadas para la cultura chilena. No hubo alteraciones en el contenido del instrumento y se consideró la segunda versión como la final. Conclusiones: La adaptación transcultural de los ítems del Nursing Activities Score fue considerada bien diseñada y acorde para medir la carga de trabajo en enfermería en UCI en Chile.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the adaptation of the Nursing Activities Score (NAS) into Chilean Spanish for use in Chilean intensive care units. Material and methods: Cross-cultural adaptation with semantic and idiomatic equivalence. The methodological steps consisted of translation and back translation, evaluation of content validity and linguistic adaptation to the target population. After the translation, the first version was assessed for content by five expert judges using the content validity coefficient. For the linguistic adaptation, qualitative methodology was applied conducting a focus group with eight clinical nurses, who evaluated the comprehension, viability, clarity and terminology of each NAS item until agreeing upon criteria for a second version of the instrument. Results: Content validity and Lin's index values were between 0.6 and 1.0 and between 80 and 100, respectively. In the focus group conducted with the clinical nurses some expressions were adjusted to the Chilean culture. There were no changes in the content of the instrument and the second version was considered as the final one. Conclusion: The cross-cultural adaptation of the NAS items were deemed valid and reliable for measuring the workload of nursing in Chilean intensive care units.

Validación del nursing activities score en unidades de cuidados intensivos chilenas / alidation of the nursing activities score in chilean intensive care units

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar el grado de preservación de las propiedades psicométricas del Nursing Activities Score (NAS), según análisis de confiabilidad y validez del instrumento. Material y método: Estudio instrumental para la adaptación y validación de un instrumento que mide la carga de trabajo de enfermería en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos y que abarca más del 80% de las actividades de enfermería, estimando la asignación diaria de pacientes al personal de enfermería, según las necesidades de cuidados de los mismos. La validación se realizó en seis unidades de cuidados intensivos de dos hospitales de Santiago de Chile. Resultados: La media NAS fue de 70,86%. Para el análisis factorial exploratorio se excluyeron los ítems que no presentaron variabilidad (2, 3, 15, 16 y 18). Se utilizó el método de extracción de factores de mínimos cuadrados en el programa Factor y se decidió la solución de 1 factor que explicó el 12,8 % de la varianza total del instrumento. La estructura factorial propuesta agrupó a los ítems en 1 factor y los ítems 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 19, 20, 22 y 23 no presentaron una comunalidad adecuada. El estadístico de Kuder-Richardson fue de 0,886. La validez de criterio externo presentó una correlación alta y positiva (r= 0,601). Conclusión: Debido a la relevancia teórica y práctica y atingencia conceptual de los ítems reportada en el proceso de validación de contenido, se ha decidido no recomendar la eliminación de estos ítems y seguir haciendo estudios de validación en otras poblaciones.

ABSTRACT Objective: Analyse the degree to which psychometric properties are preserved in the Nursing Activities Score through assessments of instrument reliability and validity. Method: Assessments of instrument adaptation and validation that measures the workload of nursing in Intensive Care Units and that covers more than 80% of nursing activities, estimating the daily allocation of patients to the nursing staff according to the patients' care needs. The instrument's reliability was assessed in six intensive care units located in two hospitals in Santiago, Chile. Results: The mean nursing activities score was 70.86%. For exploratory factor analysis, items without variability were excluded (2, 3, 15, 16 and 18). The least squares factor extraction method was used, executed in the Factor software, and it resulted in one factor explaining 12.8% of total instrument variance. The proposed factor structure grouped items in one factor; however, items 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 19, 20, 22 and 23 did not present adequate communality. The calculated value for the Kuder-Richardson formula was 0.886. The Nursing Activities Score instrument was highly and positively correlated with the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (r = 0.601), used as an external validation criterion. Conclusion: Due to theoretical and practical relevancy, as well as conceptual connections of the items selected during the content validation process, we recommend that these items are not eliminated from the Nursing Activities Score instrument. Additional validation studies should be conducted in other populations.

Comparação entre gravidade do paciente e carga de trabalho de enfermagem antes e após a ocorrência de eventos adversos em idosos em cuidados críticos / Comparación entre la gravedad del paciente y la carga de trabajo de la enfermería antes y después de la ocurrencia de eventos adversos en ancianos con cuidados críticos / Comparison between patient severity and nursing workload before and after the occurrence of adverse events in elderly in critical care

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar a gravidade do paciente e a carga de trabalho de enfermagem antes e após a ocorrência de evento adverso moderado e grave em idosos internados em unidades de terapia intensiva. Método: estudo comparativo, realizado em nove unidades de terapia intensiva de um Hospital Universitário de São Paulo. Os eventos foram coletados dos prontuários dos pacientes e classificados em moderados e graves segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde. A análise da gravidade foi realizada segundo o Symplified Acute Phsiologic Score II e a carga de trabalho segundo o Nursing Activities Score, 24 horas antes e depois do evento moderado e grave. O teste t, com significância de 5%, foi utilizado para a comparação das médias da gravidade clínica e da carga de trabalho, antes e após o evento. Resultados: a amostra foi composta por 315 idosos, sendo que 94 (29,8%) sofreram eventos moderados e graves nas unidades. Dos 94 eventos, predominou o tipo processo clínico e procedimento (40,0%). A instalação e manutenção de artefatos terapêuticos e cateteres foram as intervenções prevalentes que resultaram em danos fisiopatológicos (66,0%), de grau moderado (76,5%). A média de pontuação da carga de trabalho (75,19%) diminuiu 24 horas após a ocorrência do evento (71,97%, p=0,008) e, a gravidade, representada pela probabilidade de morte, aumentou de 22,0% para 29,0% depois do evento (p=0,045). Conclusão: no contexto da segurança do paciente, a identificação das alterações nas condições clínicas e na carga de trabalho de enfermagem em idosos que sofrem eventos subsidiam a prevenção dessas ocorrências.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar la gravedad del paciente y la carga de trabajo en enfermería antes y después de ocurrir un evento adverso moderado y grave en ancianos internados en unidades de terapia intensiva. Método: estudio comparativo realizado en nueve unidades de terapia intensiva de un Hospital Universitario de São Paulo. Los eventos fueron obtenidos a través de los prontuarios de los pacientes y clasificados en moderados y graves según la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El análisis sobre la gravedad fue realizado de acuerdo al Symplified Acute Physiologic Score II y la carga de trabajo se hizo conforme al Nursing Activities Score, 24 horas antes y después del evento moderado y grave. El test t, con una significancia del 5%, fue utilizado para la comparación de los promedios de la gravedad clínica y de la carga de trabajo antes y después del evento. Resultados: la muestra incluyó 315 ancianos, siendo que 94 (29,8%) sufrieron eventos moderados y graves en las unidades. De los 94 eventos, predominó el tipo de proceso clínico y el procedimiento (40,0%). La instalación y mantenimiento de artefactos terapéuticos y catéteres fueron las intervenciones prevalentes que resultaron en daños fisiopatológicos (66,0%) y de grado moderado (76,5%). El promedio de puntuación de la carga de trabajo (75,19%) disminuyó 24 horas después de ocurrido el evento (71,97%, p=0,008) y la gravedad, representada por la probabilidad de muerte, aumentó de 22,0% para 29,0% después del evento (p=0,045). Conclusion: en el contexto de seguridad del paciente, la identificación de las alteraciones en las condiciones clínicas y en la carga de trabajo de enfermería en los ancianos que sufren eventos subsidia la prevención de tales ocurrencias.

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the patient severity and the nursing workload before and after the occurrence of moderate and severe adverse events in elderly hospitalized at intensive care units. Method: comparative study developed at nine intensive therapy units of a University Hospital in São Paulo. The events were collected from the patient histories and classified as moderate and severe according to the World Health Organization. For the severity analysis, the Simplified Acute Physiologic Score II was used and, for the workload analysis, the Nursing Activities Score was applied 24 hours before and after the moderate and severe event. The t-test with 5% significance was used to compare the mean clinical severity and workload scores before and after the event. Results: the sample consisted of 315 elderly, 94 (29.8%) of whom were victims of moderate and severe events at the units. Among the 94 events, the clinical process and procedure type was predominant (40.0%). The installation and maintenance of therapeutic artifacts and catheters were the prevalent interventions that resulted in moderate (76.5%) physiopathological damage (66.0%). The mean workload score (75.19%) dropped 24 hours after the occurrence of the event (71.97%, p=0.008), and the severity, represented by the probability of death, increased from 22.0% to 29.0% after the event (p=0.045). Conclusion: in the patient safety context, the identification of the changes in clinical conditions and the nursing workload in elderly victims of events supports the prevention of these occurrences.

Patient Safety Incidents and Nursing Workload.

Objective: to identify the relationship between the workload of the nursing team and the occurrence of patient safety incidents linked to nursing care in a public hospital in Chile. Method: quantitative, analytical, cross-sectional research through review of medical records. The estimation of workload in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) was performed using the Therapeutic Interventions Scoring System (TISS-28) and for the other services, we used the nurse/patient and nursing assistant/patient ratios. Descriptive univariate and multivariate analysis were performed. For the multivariate analysis we used principal component analysis and Pearson correlation. Results: 879 post-discharge clinical records and the workload of 85 nurses and 157 nursing assistants were analyzed. The overall incident rate was 71.1%. It was found a high positive correlation between variables workload (r = 0.9611 to r = 0.9919) and rate of falls (r = 0.8770). The medication error rates, mechanical containment incidents and self-removal of invasive devices were not correlated with the workload. Conclusions: the workload was high in all units except the intermediate care unit. Only the rate of falls was associated with the workload.

Patient Safety Incidents and Nursing Workload / Ocorrência de incidentes de Segurança do Paciente e Carga de Trabalho de Enfermagem / Ocurrencia de Incidentes de Seguridad del Paciente y Carga de Trabajo de Enfermería

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the relationship between the workload of the nursing team and the occurrence of patient safety incidents linked to nursing care in a public hospital in Chile. Method: quantitative, analytical, cross-sectional research through review of medical records. The estimation of workload in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) was performed using the Therapeutic Interventions Scoring System (TISS-28) and for the other services, we used the nurse/patient and nursing assistant/patient ratios. Descriptive univariate and multivariate analysis were performed. For the multivariate analysis we used principal component analysis and Pearson correlation. Results: 879 post-discharge clinical records and the workload of 85 nurses and 157 nursing assistants were analyzed. The overall incident rate was 71.1%. It was found a high positive correlation between variables workload (r = 0.9611 to r = 0.9919) and rate of falls (r = 0.8770). The medication error rates, mechanical containment incidents and self-removal of invasive devices were not correlated with the workload. Conclusions: the workload was high in all units except the intermediate care unit. Only the rate of falls was associated with the workload.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar a relação entre a carga de trabalho da equipe de enfermagem e a ocorrência de incidentes de segurança dos pacientes ligados aos cuidados de enfermagem de um hospital público no Chile. Método: pesquisa transversal analítica quantitativa através de revisão de prontuários médicos. A estimativa da carga de trabalho em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) foi realizada utilizando o Índice de Intervenções Terapêuticas-TISS-28 e para os outros serviços, foram utilizados os cocientes enfermeira/paciente e auxiliar de enfermagem/ paciente. Foram feitas análises univariada descritiva e multivariada. Para a análise multivariada utilizou-se análise de componentes principais e correlação de Pearson. Resultados: foram analisados 879 prontuáriosclínicos de pós-alta e a carga de trabalho de 85 enfermeiros e 157 auxiliares de enfermagem. A taxa global de incidentes foi de 71,1%. Foi encontrada uma alta correlação positiva entre as variáveis de carga de trabalho (r = 0,9611 para r = 0,9919) e a taxa de quedas (r = 0,8770). As taxas de erro de medicação, incidentes de contenção mecânica e auto remoção de dispositivos invasivos não foram correlacionadas com a carga de trabalho. Conclusões: a carga de trabalho foi elevada em todas as unidades, exceto na unidade de cuidados intermédios. Apenas a taxa de quedas foi associada com a carga de trabalho.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar la relación entre la carga laboral del equipo de enfermería y la ocurrencia de incidentes de seguridad del paciente relacionados con los cuidados de enfermería en un hospital público de Chile. Método: investigación cuantitativa, analítica, transversal, realizada por revisión de fichas clínicas. La estimación de carga laboral en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) se realizó utilizando el Índice de Intervenciones Terapéuticas (TISS-28) y, para el resto de los servicios, por la relación enfermera/paciente y auxiliar/paciente. Se realizó análisis descriptivo univariado y multivariado. Para el análisis multivariado se utilizó análisis de componentes principales y el test de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: se revisaron 879 fichas clínicas posteriores al alta y la carga laboral de 85 enfermeras y 157 auxiliares de enfermería. La tasa global de incidentes fue 71,1%. Se encontró correlación positiva alta entre las variables de carga laboral (r = 0,9611 a r = 0,9919) y tasa de caídas (r = 0,8770). Las tasas de error de medicación, incidente por contención mecánica y auto retiro de invasivos no se correlacionaron con la carga laboral. Conclusiones: la carga laboral fue elevada en todas las unidades a excepción de la unidad de cuidados intermedios. Sólo la tasa de caídas se asoció a la carga laboral.

Factors associated to subjective wellbeing in older adults / Fatores associados ao bem-estar subjetivo dos idosos / Factores asociados al bienestar subjetivo en los adultos mayores

ABSTRACT Objective: identify the factors associated with subjective wellbeing in older adults. Method: analytical, cross-sectional study developed in Chile. The sample consisted of 20,351 seniors, who answered a question on overall life satisfaction in the National Socio-Economic Survey, 2011. Subjective wellbeing was correlated with health, demographic and social indicators. Comparisons of averages, correlations and regressions were applied using the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 20. Results: life satisfaction was associated with increased age; being male; participation in social organizations; being married or living as a couple; having higher education level; higher income; good perceived health status and better health care. Conclusion: according to the age and income predictors, it can be concluded that, over the years, life satisfaction is reinforced, but in combination with adequate perceived health and income, which permit an excellent quality of life.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os fatores associados ao bem-estar subjetivos dos idosos. Método: estudo analítico, transversal, realizado no Chile. A amostra correspondeu a 20.351 idosos que responderam a uma pergunta sobre satisfação vital global no Inquérito de Caracterização Socioeconômica Nacional, 2011. O indicador de bem-estar subjetivo foi correlacionado com indicadores de saúde, demográficos e sociais. Foram comparadas médias e análise de correlação e regressão com o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 20. Resultados: a satisfação com a vida associou-se com maior idade; ser homem; participação em organizações sociais; ser casado ou viver junto; ter estudos superiores; maior renda; boa percepção do estado de saúde e maior atenção sanitária. Conclus ão: ao observar os preditores idade e renda pode-se concluir que o passar dos anos reforça a satisfação com a vida, mas em confluência com uma adequada percepção de saúde e renda que permitam uma qualidade de vida ótima.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar los factores asociados al bienestar subjetivo en los adultos mayores. Método: estudio analítico, transversal desarrollado en Chile. La muestra correspondió a 20.351 adultos mayores, que respondieron una pregunta sobre satisfacción vital global en la Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional, 2011. El bienestar subjetivo fue correlacionado con indicadores de salud, demográficos y sociales. Se aplicaron comparaciones de medias, correlaciones y regresiones, mediante el programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 20. Resultados: la satisfacción con la vida se asoció con mayor edad; ser hombre; participación en organizaciones sociales; estar casado o convivir en pareja; tener estudios superiores; mayor ingreso; buena percepción del estado de salud; mejor atención sanitaria. Conclusión: al observar los predictores edad e ingresos, se puede concluir que el paso de los años refuerza la satisfacción con la vida pero, en confluencia con una adecuada percepción de salud e ingresos, que permitan una calidad de vida óptima.

Factors associated with the occurrence of adverse events in critical elderly patients. / Fatores relacionados à ocorrência de eventos adversos em pacientes idosos críticos.

OBJECTIVE:: to identify the factors associated with the occurrence of adverse events in critical elderly patients admitted to intensive care unit according to demographic and clinical characteristics. METHOD:: a retrospective cohort study was conducted in nine units of a teaching hospital. Data were collected from medical records and from monitoring of nursing shift change. We used the t-test/Mann-Whitney, chi-square and logistic regression to test associations. Significance level of 5% was used. RESULTS:: out of the 315 elderly, 94 experienced events. Those who experienced events were men (60.6%) with mean age of 70.7 years, length of hospital stay of 10.6 days and survivors (61.7%). Most of the 183 events were clinical processes and procedures (37.1%). There was an association between adverse event and length of hospital stay in the unit (p=0.000; OR=1.10, 95% CI [1.06, 1.14]). CONCLUSION:: the identification of associated events and factors in the elderly subsidize the prevention of these occurrences before the vulnerability of this age group.